Profound Meaning in Concise Words: The Spring and Autumn Annals

Today, let’s talk about The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu). Also known as the Spring and Autumn Classic or the Classic of the Qilin, it is one of the Five Classics. Originally a historical record of the State of Lu, it was edited and compiled by Confucius. The text chronicles significant events across various states during the Spring and Autumn period, covering over 240 years. The existing version consists of more than 10,000 characters.

Sima Qian, in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), records an anecdote about the Annals: During a hunting expedition, Duke Ai of Lu captured a qilin—a mythical creature symbolizing peace and prosperity, which traditionally appears only in times of harmony. However, this qilin emerged during a time of chaos and died shortly after being discovered. This incident deeply resonated with Confucius, who lamented his unfortunate timing of birth and the collapse of social order and rituals. In response, he poured his lifelong aspirations into The Spring and Autumn Annals. The work adheres strictly to historical facts, avoiding praise or blame, but conveys profound meaning through subtle language. Confucius hoped it would establish principles and norms for future generations.

In The Biography of Confucius within the Records of the Grand Historian, it is said: “When the principles of The Spring and Autumn Annals prevail, traitorous ministers and rebellious sons will live in fear.” Mencius praised Confucius’s effort, stating that through the Annals, he “reprimanded emperors, restrained feudal lords, and held court officials accountable, all in the service of restoring order to the royal court.” This effort, undertaken as a commoner, reflects the grand aspirations of Confucius to achieve harmony and good governance, akin to the endeavors of a true sovereign.